Embracing a blockchain is embracing the future, and every industry is

thinking about it as the technological tide is rolling in examining and

adapting the ways and means of blockchain technology.

 (i) Importance of vaccines

Vaccine is an automatic immune preparation for the prevention of

infectious diseases by artificial detoxification, inactivation or

genetic engineering of pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria,

Rickettsia, viruses, etc.) and their metabolites. In other words,

vaccines are the use of bacteria that have removed the harmful pathogens

to activate the body's immune system, so that we can automatically secrete

in the future to prevent the pathogen damage protection. The invention

of vaccines is a milestone in the history of human society against disease.

Before the vaccine came into being, the human fight against disease could

only be dealt with through the symptomatic treatment after the disease

occurred, and the human can neither predict when nor when the disease

occurs Prevention of disease, the disease may be due to medical

technology causes of death. When the vaccine comes out, humans can be

immunized by vaccination without ever worrying about the disease.

Vaccination has enabled humans to eliminate highly contagious smallpox

globally, controlling diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles and

so on, while significantly reducing mortality from infectious diseases.

Vaccination programs are very effective for the prevention and control

of infectious diseases throughout the country. For example, in the United

States, the Child Immunization Programme (VFC) was launched in 1993 and

began in 1994. VFC goal is to ensure that all children are not infected

with vaccine-preventable diseases for lack of money to buy vaccines.

According to vaccination data, most of the 20 years of VFC

implementation ,1994-2013 Child vaccination coverage ≥90 per cent. The

model predicts that vaccination has reduced the incidence of 322 million

births ,21 million hospitalizations and 732,000 deaths among children

born. The number of cases decreased by different diseases was also

different, with the least cases being tetanus, with only 3000 cases; the

most cases were measles, with more than 7 million cases. Among the fewer

hospitalizations and deaths, the highest was measles, which decreased 8.9

million hospitalizations; the lowest was diphtheria, which decreased

507,000 deaths. thus saving $295 billion in direct costs and $1.38

trillion in social costs. For some Malignant tumors that have proved to

be closely related to microbial infection, such as cervical cancer caused

by HPV infection, gastric cancer caused by Helicobacter pylori infection,

liver cancer caused by hepatitis virus infection, etc., can be prevented

by vaccination.

(ii) Prospects and opportunities

9Along with the development of human society, a variety of new infectious

diseases and pathogens continue to appear, such as infectious atypical

pneumonia coronavirus, human infection with highly pathogenic avian

influenza virus, new type A H1N1 influenza virus, Ebola virus, Middle East

respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,2019 new coronavirus and so on.

Emerging infectious diseases usually spread rapidly, with high mortality

rates and no specific therapeutic drugs, and vaccines remain the most

effective means for humans to control and prevent infectious diseases.

With the development of immunology, biochemistry, biotechnology and

molecular microorganism, the development of global vaccine in the second

half of the 20th century has entered a rapid development stage. Technology

(iii) Current major pain points1

1.Biomedical data duplication and precipitation. Health care has been

criticized by the outside world, the first is a large number of repeated

tests to scrutinize medical prices. The reason why there will be repeated

tests, aside from the agency's own profit-seeking, is that in the

centralized medical management system, there are extremely high

information barriers between medical institutions, and the data can not

be effectively connected in real time, resulting in the data generated

by one medical institution but can not be shared by other institutions.

Unshareable data tends to "precipitate" permanently at the same time in

isolated medical institutions and can not be reused on a wider scale.

2. Identity authentication lacks reliability. The public bookkeeping

technology and non-tampering features of the blockchain provide a new path

for the increasingly rich Internet identity authentication and access

services, as important as today's navigation and location services. The

diagnosis, examination, operation, dispensing, rehabilitation and other

behaviors in the medical field need to verify the correctness or even

uniqueness of the medical actors. The most typical case is to confirm the

uniqueness of the biological test samples and the absolute correctness

of the matching. The centralized digital identity authentication solution,

in fact, limits medical resources such as experienced doctors to

individual hospitals, which is not conducive to society Sharing.

3.There is a lot of information asymmetry in the medical field. The field

of health care is carried out by highly specialized institutions, and

information is severely segregated. The monopoly of information is an

important means for current medical institutions to maintain their

reputation and profits. This asymmetry has brought great obstacles to

medical-centered social security, insurance, medical products and other

directly related industries. Block chain can eliminate medical

information friction most effectively, including incomplete information,

10information risk and information can not be accessed. Computer records,

for example, guarantee the accuracy of information input, and the

properties of the block chain itself, such as selecting the fastest and

best information to incorporate According to the library and highly

confidential security, will break through the previous barriers of

medical information, to the maximum extent possible.

 Individuals lack traceability, access to information and access

control over their own medical data. Medical data are generated by users

and are mostly stored in medical institutions. Users can not enjoy the

benefits of their own health data, medical data research. users can not

access exclusive medical data files, let alone use AI to analyze the health

of users. The lack of personal medical data leads to patients and even

healthy people, fundamentally lack of choice of medical institutions, can

not force the reform of the medical system from the management.